Europa

Europa is one of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, alongside Io, Ganymede, and Callisto. Beneath its fractured icy surface, scientists are highly confident that a vast saltwater ocean exists, containing many of the chemical ingredients considered essential for life.

Europa’s ice shell is estimated to be 15 to 25 kilometers thick, with an ocean beneath it reaching depths of roughly 60 to 150 kilometers. If confirmed, this hidden ocean would contain more than twice as much water as all of Earth’s oceans combined—entirely sealed away beneath ice.

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